Ssac-364 ( definations)

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Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth

Bachelor of Science in Agriculture

Contributed by

Pranita Hallale 040

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ELE-SSAC-364
Course Title: Agrochemicals
All Important Definitions from Syllabus
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1) Agrochemicals- Agrochemicals or agrichemicals, is a common name given to chemicals which are used in
agriculture, to aid plants and crops growth and safety.
2) Fertilizer- Any organic or inorganic material of natural or synthetic origin added to a soil to supply certain
element essential for the growth of plants.
3) Secondary Nutrient Fertilizer- plants require them in smaller quantities than nitrogen, phosphorus, and
potassium. On the other hand, pants require these nutrients in larger quantities than the micronutrients such as
boron and molybdenum.
4) Micronutrients- Micronutrient is a chemical element necessary only in extremely small amounts (usually less
than 50 ppm in plants) for growth of plants. Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo, B and Cl are essential micronutrients.
5) Micronutrient Fertilizer- The carriers used as fertilizers to supply, micronutrients Are called as micronutrient
fertilizers.
6) Chelates- It is a term applied to compounds which tightly hold certain cations that are Attracted towards them
and release them slowly for utilisation by plants. Chelates are generally organic compounds that combine
with cations like Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu in complex ring stucture.
7) Natural Chelates- FYM and other organic manures contain the organic substances which acts as Chelating
compound.
8) Liquid Fertilizer- Some of the fertilizers are in liquid form for applying with irrigation water or for Direct
application.
9) Clear Liquid Fertilizer- When the nitrogenous, phosphatic, potassic and other fertilizer materials are Completely
dissolved in water, these are called clear liquid fertilizers.
10) Suspension Liquid Fertilizer- Suspension liquid fertilizers are those in which some of the fertilizer materials are
Suspended as fine particles.
11) Biofertilizer- Biofertilizers is the product that containing living cells of effective strains of different
Microorganisms which have an ability to mobilize nutritionally important elements from Non-available to
available form through biological process.
12) Fungicide- Substances that prevent, destroy, or inhibit the growth of fungii disease Of crops.
13) Herbicides- Substances which are used for preventing or inhibiting growth of plant or For killing weeds.
14) Rodanticides- Substances that inhibit growth, destroy or kill rodents.
15) Nematicides- Substances that prevent, destroy repel or inhibit the nematodes.
16) Pesticides- It includes alI The chemicals used as insecticides, fungicides, herbicides etc. Pesticides means any
Substance intended for preventing, destroying, attracting, repelling or controlling any Pest including unwanted
species of plants or animals during production storage,Transport, distribution and processing of food agricultural
commodities or animal Feeds or which may be administered to the animals for the control of ectoparasites.
17) Insecticide- Any substance or mixture of substances used to prevent, destroy, repell or mitigating Any insects,
rodent,nametodes, fungi, weed or any other form of terrestrial or aquatic Plant or animal life or
microorganisms.
18) Organochlorine Insecticides- It includes substances which vary in their chemical structure but because of their
Common properties in high insecticidal activity and chemical and biological Persistence, these are groped in to
one.
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19) Insect Growth Regulator (IGRs)- Insect growth regulators (IGRs) are pesticides that don’t usually kill insects
outright but Instead affect the ability of insects to grow and mature normally.
20) Biorational Pesticides- A biorational pesticide is a term used to define any pesticide material that relatively
causes no Harm to humans or animals, and does lit tle or no damage to the environment. An example Of a
biorational pesticide is citronella products.
21) Biopesticides- Biopesticide It is define according to the US environmental protection Agency(USEPA) Are
pesticide derived from natural matrials such as animals . plants, bacteria and Minerals and also include living
organisms that destroy agricultural pests.
22) Volatilization- Volatilization is the process of solids or liquids converting into a gas, which can Move away from
the initial application site. This movement is called vapour drift.
23) Spray Drift- Spray Drift is the airborne movement of spray droplets away fom a treatment site During
application.
24) Absorption- Absorption is the uptake of pesticides and other chemicals into plants or Microorganisms.
25) Degradation- Degradation is the process of pesticide breakdown after application. Pesticides are Broken down
by microbes, chemical reactions, and light or photodegradation.
26) Photodegradation- Photodegradation is the breakdown of pesticides by sunlight. All pesticides are Susceptible
to photodegradation to some extent.
27) Resistance- A genetic change in an organism in response to selection by pesticides, Which may impair control in
the field.
28) Resistance Mechanisms- Biological processes used by the pest to avoid the lethal Action of the pesticide.
Resistant organisms may have more than one resistance Mechanism.
29) Cross-Resistance- When resistance to one pesticide confers resistance to another Pesticide, even where the
pest has not been exposed to the latter product.
30) Behavioural Resistance- Any modification in pest behaviour that helps the pest to Avoid the lethal effects of
pesticides. The pest organism is still sensitive to the Pesticide and will be killed if exposed to a lethal dose.
31) Multiple Resistance- The simultaneous presence of several different resistance Mechanisms in the same
organism. The different resistance mechanisms may combine To provide resistance to multiple classes of
pesticides.
32) Pesticides Residue- Pesticide residue refers to the pesticides that may remain on or in food after they are
Applied to food crops.
33) Benzimidazole Fungicides- Benzimidazole fungicides are a class of fungicides including benomyl, Carbendazim
(MBC), thiophanate-methyl, thiabendazole and fuberidazole.
34) Herbicides- A herbicide in the broadest sense of word is any compound that is capable of either Killing or
severely injuring plants and may thus be used for climination of plant Growth or killing of plant parts.
OR
Chemicals employed for destruction of weeds.
35) Mode of Action- The term ‘mode of action’ refers to the entire sequence of events from introduction of A
herbicide into the environment to the death of plants.
36) Mechanisms of Action- Mechanism of action' refers to the primary biochemical or biophysical lesion leading to
death."
37) Contact herbicide- A herbicide that causes injury only to tissue to which it is Applied.
38) Mobile herbicide- A herbicide that moves or translocates in a plant.
39) Simplast- Total living protoplasmic continuum of a plant; it is continuous Throughout the plant, and there are no
islands of living cells; the phloem is a Component of the symplast, and long-distance symplastic transport is via
the Phloem.
40) Apoplast- Total nonliving cell-wall continuum of a plant; the xylem is a Component of the apoplast, and long-
distance apoplastic translocation is via the Xylem.
41) Burndown- Refers to applying a foliage-active herbicide before planting to kill Undesired vegetation.
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42) Preplant incorporated- Refers to applying a herbicide to the soil before planting The crop and then mixing it
with the soil.
43) Preplant- Refers to applying a herbicide to the soil surfäce before planting the Crop.
44) Preemergence- Refers to applying a herbicide after planting but before the crops And weeds emerge
45) Directed- Refers to applying a herbicide so contact with the crop is minimized.
46) Post emergence- Refers to applying a herbicide after emergence of the weeds or The crop, including broadcast
and spot treatments.
47) Chemical Decomposition- Chemical decomposition is the breakdown of herbicide by a chemical process or
reaction in the absence of a living organism.
48) Leaching- Leaching is the downward movement of a substance dissolved in water through soil.
49) Water Solubility- is a reflection of the polarity of the chemical and is determined by the maximum amount of
chemical that will dissolve in pure water at a specified temperature and pH. In general, the more polar a
chemical, the higher its water solubility.
50) Herbicides sorption- Herbicide sorption is defined as the retention of a chemical on or in a solid phase in this
case, the soil).
51) Vapour Pressure- The vapor pressure of a chemical is defined as the pressure of the gas that is in equilibrium
with the solid/liquid phase at a given temperature.
52) Herbicides Soil Half-life- Herbicide soil half-life (T
1/2
) is the integrated result of all herbicide loss pathways that
act upon the parent herbicide when it is in the soil environment.
53) Additive effect- It is the total effect of a combination, which is equal to the sum of The effects of the
components taken independently.
54) Synergistic effect- The total effect ofa combination is greater or more prolonged Than the sum of the effects of
the two taken independently e.g. The mixture of 2,4-D And Chlorpropham is synergistic on monocot species
generally resistant to 2,4-D.
55) Antagonistic effect- The total effect ofa combination is smaller than the effect of The most active component
applied alone e.g. Combination of EPTC with 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T or dicamba have antagonistic responses in sorghum
and giant foxtail.
56) Independent effect- The total effect of a combination is equal to the effect of the most active component
applied alone.
57) Enhancement effect- The effect of a herbicide and non-toxic adjuvant applied in Combination on a plant is said
to have an enhancement effect if the response is greater Than that obtained when the herbicide is used at the
same rates without the adjuvant. Eg. Mixing Ammonium sulphate with Glyphosate.
58) Adjuvants- An adjuvant is any substance in a herbicide formulation or added to the Spray tank to modify
herbicidal activity or application characteristics.
59) Surfactant- A surfactant (surface-active agent) is a material that improves the emulsifying, dispersing, spreading,
wetting, or other properties of a liquid by modifying its surface characteristics.
60) Drift Control Agents- Drift control agents are materials that thicken the spray solution and thereby increase
droplet size and reduce the number of very small satellite droplets.
Prepared By- HARSH MAHESH DIXIT
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