Sociology-2

Notes 277 Pages

Union Public Service Commission (Main)

Sociology

Contributed by

Prajwal Hallale

goias.in

Sociology-2
Tusharanshu- AIR-75, CSE-2014

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Contents
TOPIC-01- PERSPECTIVES ON THE STUDY OF INDIAN SOCIETY ............................................................. 12
Questions asked in previous years .................
................................................................................... 12
Structure of Indian sociology ............................................................................................................ 12
Cultural approach- 3 types: ........................................................................................................... 12
Sociological methods to study Indian society- 2 schools .................................................................. 12
Indological or culturological approach ............................................................................................. 13
Limitations of indological approach: ............................................................................................. 13
A. GS Ghurye (GovindSadashivGhurye- 1893-1984) ......................................................................... 14
• Criticism ................................................................................................................................ 16
B. Structural functionalism (M N Srinivas).- ...................................................................................... 16
Mysore Narasimhachar Srinivas (1916-1999): .............................................................................. 16
• Methodology ......................................................................................................................... 17
Book View versus Field View: ....................................................................................................... 17
Srinivas on different structures: ................................................................................................... 18
Sanskritization ............................................................................................................................... 19
• Westernization ...................................................................................................................... 20
• Dominant caste ..................................................................................................................... 20
• Criticism ................................................................................................................................ 21
Sanskritzation: ................................................................................................................................... 22
(c) Marxist sociology ( A R Desai) ................
...................................................................................... 25
Akshay Ramanlal Desai (1915-1994) .................
............................................................................ 25
Criticism by Yogendra Singh of dialectical materialism approach ................................................ 27
Relevance of Marxist Approach .................................................................................................... 28
Analysis of Indian Society through Marxist Approach
: ................................................................. 28
Miscellaneous topics ......................................................................................................................... 30
Hinduism belief systems: .............................................................................................................. 30
TOPIC –02 - Impact of colonial rule on Indian society : ........................................................................ 32
Growth of Modern Nationalism in India ........................................................................................... 32
PHASE-1: ........................................................................................................................................ 32
PHASE-2: ........................................................................................................................................ 32
PHASE-3: ........................................................................................................................................ 32
PHASE-4: ........................................................................................................................................ 32
PHASE-5: ........................................................................................................................................ 32
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Nationalism meaning .................................................................................................................... 33
National integration ...................................................................................................................... 36
AR DESAI and Social Background of Indian Nationalism: .............................................................. 37
(b) Modernization of Indian tradition. ............
.................................................................................. 37
Modernization of Indian Tradition: Analysis ................................................................................. 37
The Meaning and Role of Tradition in India .................................................................................. 38
Social Changes in Traditional India: .............................................................................................. 39
Processes of Modernization: ........................................................................................................ 41
Approaches to Modernization ...................................................................................................... 42
Historicity of Modernization: ........................................................................................................ 44
Modernity: Disenchantment and its Challenges in India .............................................................. 45
Debate on Tradition and Modernity in India ................................................................................ 46
Modernization and Social Change in India ................................................................................... 51
Islam and Modernization in India ................................................................................................. 51
Theory of Tradition-Modernity Continuum! ................................................................................. 56
Modernisation of Indian tradition- summary ............................................................................... 57
(c) Protests and movements during the colonial period .................................................................. 59
(d) Social reforms ................................
.............................................................................................. 59
Reformist movements................................................................................................................... 60
Subaltern Reform movements ...................................................................................................... 61
Peasant movements...................................................................................................................... 62
Themes of Social Reform in India ................................................................................................. 62
Social reform institutions: ............................................................................................................. 63
Colonial hangover ............................................................................................................................. 63
Buddhism and impact on Indian society ....................................................................................... 64
Jainism and impact on Indian society ........................................................................................... 65
TOPIC 03- Rural and Agrarian Social Structure ..................................................................................... 66
Idea of Indian Village and village studies .......................................................................................... 66
Social Structure of the Village: Caste, Class and Gender .............................................................. 67
Field study: .................................................................................................................................... 69
Agrarian social structure - evolution of land tenure system, land reforms ...................................... 71
TOPIC 04- Caste System: .................................................................................................................. 73
1. GS ghurye .................................................................................................................................. 73
2. MN srinivas ................................................................................................................................... 74
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3. Louis dumont ................................................................................................................................ 76
4. Andre Beteille................................................................................................................................ 78
Caste associations ............................................................................................................................. 79
Features of Caste System .................................................................................................................. 80
5. RISLEY: ........................................................................................................................................... 81
6. KETKAR .......................................................................................................................................... 81
Theoretical perspectives of caste: .................................................................................................... 81
Caste and Class .................................................................................................................................. 82
Untouchability- forms and perspectives ........................................................................................... 83
Dalits ............................................................................................................................................. 83
Origin of Untouchability: ............................................................................................................... 84
Dalits: Degradation of Dalits and Ameliorative Measures in India ............................................... 84
Dalit Consciousness: ...................................................................................................................... 84
Dalit Movement in India After the Death of Ambedkar ............................................................... 86
1. Effects of Urbanisation on Caste System in India: .................................................................... 86
2. Relationship between Caste and Politics in India ..................................................................... 87
3. Caste System in India: Future of Caste System in India ............................................................ 87
4. Difference between Caste and Varna ....................................................................................... 88
5. Is Caste a Particularistic or a Universalistic Phenomenon? ...................................................... 88
6. Caste Mobility: Caste Mobility in India ..................................................................................... 88
7. Difference between Caste and Sub-Caste................................................................................. 89
8. Relationship between Caste and Class ..................................................................................... 89
9. Casteism: Meaning, Causes, Solution and Suggestion .............................................................. 91
Solutions to casteism .................................................................................................................... 91
10. Jajmani system:Definition, Function and Other Details.......................................................... 91
11. Tribe and caste ........................................................................................................................ 92
12. Scheduled Castes elites: .......................................................................................................... 94
13. Castes among muslims ............................................................................................................ 95
14. Race theories of caste ............................................................................................................ 95
15. Caste associations: .................................................................................................................. 96
TOPIC 05- Tribal communities in India: ................................................................................................. 97
Definitional problems ....................................................................................................................... 97
Colonial policies and tribes ............................................................................................................... 99
Tribal Movements ............................................................................................................................. 99
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Issues of integration and autonomy ............................................................................................... 100
1. Thinkers on tribes ................................................................................................................... 101
2. Recent Economic changes:...................................................................................................... 101
3. Constitutional Provisions: ....................................................................................................... 101
4. Approaches to tribal development: ........................................................................................ 102
5. Tribal movements since independence: ................................................................................. 102
6. Tribes and education: ............................................................................................................. 103
7. Tribals and emergent social stratification ............................................................................... 103
8. Tribes and modernisation ....................................................................................................... 104
Miscellaneous ................................................................................................................................. 105
1. Caste versus tribe .................................................................................................................... 105
2. The pastoralist and polyandrous: the toda ............................................................................. 105
Tribe and caste ............................................................................................................................ 106
TOPIC-06- Social classes in India ......................................................................................................... 108
Agrarian class structure .................................................................................................................. 108
Different divisions ....................................................................................................................... 108
Agriculture structure contd.. .......................................................................................................... 109
Marx and Weber on Class ........................................................................................................... 109
Feudalism as a Type of Agrarian Society ..................................................................................... 109
Contemporary Agrarian Societies ............................................................................................... 110
Class Analysis of Agrarian Societies ............................................................................................ 110
Agrarian Social Structure and Change in India ............................................................................ 110
Agrarian Changes during the British Colonial Rule ..................................................................... 110
Agrarian Changes after Independence ....................................................................................... 110
Agrarian Class Structure in India: ................................................................................................ 111
Industrial class structure ................................................................................................................. 113
• Colonisation of India and Industrilisation ........................................................................... 113
• Industrialisation in Post-independent India ........................................................................ 113
• Post-Industrial Society ........................................................................................................ 114
Middle Class in India ....................................................................................................................... 114
Concept of the ‘MC’ .................................................................................................................... 115
Evolution of the MC in India ....................................................................................................... 115
Modernity and the MC in Contemporary India .......................................................................... 116
TOPIC- 07 Kinship system in India ....................................................................................................... 117
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Types of kinship systems& Lineage and descent in India ............................................................... 117
Indological approach ................................................................................................................... 117
Anthropological Approach .......................................................................................................... 117
Lineage and Descent in India ...................................................................................................... 117
Kinship system in north India ...................................................................................................... 117
A comparison of north and south indian kinship systems .......................................................... 119
Kinship organisation in matrilineal communities in NE and SW india ............................................ 119
Family and marriage in India and Household dimensions of the family ........................................ 120
Marriage ...................................................................................................................................... 120
India- what & why of marriage ................................................................................................... 121
Family .......................................................................................................................................... 122
Household ................................................................................................................................... 122
Household dimensions of the family .......................................................................................... 123
Types of families: ........................................................................................................................ 123
The Continuum of Nuclear and Joint Family Systems ................................................................. 124
Changes in family: ....................................................................................................................... 124
Topic-08: Religion and Society ............................................................................................................ 128
Previous year questions .................................................................................................................. 128
Religious communities in India ....................................................................................................... 128
Minorities ........................................................................................................................................ 128
Problems of Religious minorities ................................................................................................ 129
Approaches to minority problems .............................................................................................. 129
Problems of Muslims in India ...................................................................................................... 129
Religious pluralism in India ......................................................................................................... 131
Fundamentalism: ............................................................................................................................ 132
Communalism: ................................................................................................................................ 132
Communal riots: .......................................................................................................................... 133
Secularism ....................................................................................................................................... 134
Cult .............................................................................................................................................. 135
New Religious movements in India ............................................................................................. 135
Kashmiri Pandits issue ................................................................................................................. 135
Secularism and Secularisation: ....................................................................................................... 135
Indicators and causes of secularization ...................................................................................... 136
Functions of religion: ...................................................................................................................... 136
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TOPIC 9: Visions of social change:....................................................................................................... 137
Idea of development planning and mixed eceonomy .................................................................... 137
Sociologists analysis: ....................................................................................................................... 137
Concept of Education ...................................................................................................................... 137
Education and social change ....................................................................................................... 139
Functions of education: .............................................................................................................. 143
Reforms required ........................................................................................................................ 144
SOCIAL CHANGE: ......................................................................................................................... 146
Little and Great Traditions: ............................................................................................................. 146
Modernization and Social Change in India ................................................................................. 148
Constitution, law and social change. .............................................................................................. 149
TOPIC 10: RURAL and AGRARIAN TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA ......................................................... 150
Previous questions .......................................................................................................................... 150
Rural Development ..................................................................................................................... 150
Rural Development before Independence ................................................................................. 150
Rural and urban poverty: ............................................................................................................ 150
Community Development Programmes: .................................................................................... 154
Green Revolution ........................................................................................................................ 158
Problems of Rural labour ..........................
.................................................................................. 165
Impact on female labour ............................................................................................................. 166
MIGRATION ................................................................................................................................. 166
BONDED LABOUR ........................................................................................................................ 166
TOPIC 11: INDUSTRIALIZATION and URBANIZATION in INDIA ............................................................ 169
Evolution of Modern Industry in India ............................................................................................ 169
Traditional Urban Economy ........................................................................................................ 169
Colonial Urban Economy: ............................................................................................................ 170
Organized versus unorganized sector ............................................................................................. 170
Urban Social classes: ................................................................................................................... 170
Changing occupational structure- ............................................................................................... 171
Urban Scenario: ........................................................................................................................... 172
Rural scenario ............................................................................................................................. 172
Growth of urban settlements in India ........................................................................................ 172
Social Cultural Character of Urbanisation ................................................................................... 174
Consequences of urbanisation .................................................................................................... 174
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Rapid urbanisation: ..................................................................................................................... 175
Working Class, Structure, Growth Class mobilisation ..................................................................... 176
Growth of working class in India ................................................................................................. 176
Social back ground of Indian working class: ............................................................................... 178
Informal Sector ............................................................................................................................... 178
Social security measures taken by government for workers in unorganised sector .................. 180
Comparison between Formal/Organised and Unorganised Sectors .......................................... 180
Child Labour in India ....................................................................................................................... 181
Juvenile Delinquency: ................................................................................................................. 182
Slums and deprivations in urban areas ........................................................................................... 182
Characteristics of Slums: ............................................................................................................. 183
Observations for experiences of other countries: ...................................................................... 184
Strategies .................................................................................................................................... 185
Women in IT sector: .................................................................................................................... 186
The Impact of Globalisation on Employment in India & Responses from Formal & Informal
Sectors ......................................................................................................................................... 186
TOPIC 12: POLITICS and SOCIETY ........................................................................................................ 188
Previous years’ questions ............................................................................................................... 188
Summary of points: ......................................................................................................................... 189
Nation.............................................................................................................................................. 189
Democracy .........................................
............................................................................................. 190
Citizenship .......................................
................................................................................................ 191
Political Parties ................................................................................................................................ 191
Pressure groups .............................................................................................................................. 192
Social and Political elites .......................
.......................................................................................... 192
Regionalism ..................................................................................................................................... 193
Decentralisation of Power .........................
..................................................................................... 194
Secularization .................................................................................................................................. 195
Elite formation in India ............................................................................................................... 196
Nationalism ..................................................................................................................................... 197
Civil society in India ......................................................................................................................... 197
Ideology ........................................................................................................................................... 197
Sociological theory to power – ................................................................................................... 197
Nature of politics in independent India ...................................................................................... 198
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Regional Politics in Contemporary India ......................................................................................... 199
Bases of regional and state politics................................................................................................. 200
Significance of regionalism for national politics ............................................................................. 201
Civil Society and Political Society – A Contested Relationship? .................................................. 201
Interest Pressure Groups: History and Types of Interest Pressure Groups .................................... 203
Panchayti Raj Institutions (important article) ................................................................................. 203
TOPIC 13: SOCIAL MOVEMENTS IN INDIA ........................................................................................... 211
Previous years’ questions ............................................................................................................... 211
Social movements in modern India ................................................................................................ 212
Peasants and farmers movement ................................................................................................... 213
Peasant movement during British Period ................................................................................... 214
Kisan Sabha Movement .............................................................................................................. 215
Naxalite movement ..................................................................................................................... 215
Contemporary Agrarian movement ............................................................................................ 216
Backward Classes and Dalit movement .......................................................................................... 216
Dalit Movements ............................................................................................................................. 217
Feminist Movement ........................................................................................................................ 217
First Phase 1850-1915 ................................................................................................................. 218
Second Phase 1915-1947 ............................................................................................................ 218
Environment Movement ................................................................................................................. 218
Chipko Movement ....................................................................................................................... 218
Ethincity and Identity movement ................................................................................................... 219
Identity movements: ....................................................................................................................... 221
Social movement explained: ........................................................................................................... 221
1. Peasant movements:............................................................................................................... 222
Peasant caste interface: .............................................................................................................. 222
The Tebhaga Movement- 1946-47.............................................................................................. 223
The Telangana Movement (1946-52) ......................................................................................... 223
Separate statehood Telangana Movement: ............................................................................... 224
Naxalite Movement (1967–71) ................................................................................................... 224
Emerging Agrarian Social Structure and Peasants Movements .................................................. 225
Kisan Sabha Movement .............................................................................................................. 225
Sanyasi Revolt, 1772 ................................................................................................................... 225
Pagal Panthi, 1830s-40s .............................................................................................................. 226
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Santhal, 1855 .............................................................................................................................. 226
Indigo Movement (1859-60) ....................................................................................................... 226
Pabna Agrarian Unrest (1873-76) ............................................................................................... 227
Deccan Riots (1874-75) ............................................................................................................... 227
Ramosi, 1877-87 ......................................................................................................................... 228
Birsa Munda’s Ulgulan (1899) ..................................................................................................... 228
Champaran Indigo Satyagraha (1917)......................................................................................... 228
Kheda Satyagraha (1918) ............................................................................................................ 229
Kisan Movement, UP (1920s) ...................................................................................................... 229
Methods of Awadh Kisan Sabha ................................................................................................. 230
Eka Movement (1920s) ............................................................................................................... 230
Second Moplah Uprising (1921) .................................................................................................. 230
Bardoli Satyagraha (1928) ........................................................................................................... 231
Moplah Rebellion ........................................................................................................................ 231
Backward class and Dalit movements: ........................................................................................... 231
1. Dravidian Movement: ............................................................................................................. 234
2. SNDP Movement: .................................................................................................................... 235
3. Self-respect Movement ........................................................................................................... 236
Arya Samaj ...................................................................................................................................... 236
Satya Sodhak Samaj .................................................................................................................... 237
Ram Krishna Mission ................................................................................................................... 238
Nativist Movement ..................................................................................................................... 238
Indian environmental movement ............................................................................................... 239
Tribal movements ........................................................................................................................... 241
1. The Santhal Insurrection: ........................................................................................................ 241
2. The Munda Rebellion: ............................................................................................................. 242
3. The Bodo Movement: ............................................................................................................. 244
4. Jharkhand Movement: ............................................................................................................ 244
5. Chipko movement ................................................................................................................... 246
6. The Appiko Movement: .......................................................................................................... 247
7. Bhakti movement .................................................................................................................... 247
Impact of Reform: ....................................................................................................................... 249
Bhakti Saints .................................................................................................................................... 249
Kabir (1425-1518 AD): ................................................................................................................. 249
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Sociology-2

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